Destination Overview
Turkmenistan, a country steeped in ancient history and modern transformation, offers an intriguing destination for intrepid travellers. Nestled in Central Asia, it is a land where the ancient Silk Road once thrived, connecting the East with the West. Today, Turkmenistan is known for its unique cultural heritage, striking desert landscapes, and remarkable architectural wonders.
Geography and Climate
Turkmenistan covers an area of approximately 491,210 square kilometres, making it the world’s 52nd largest country. The country is predominantly covered by the Karakum Desert, which occupies about 80% of its land area. The Amu Darya River, one of Central Asia’s longest rivers, flows along the northeastern border, providing essential water resources.
The climate of Turkmenistan is classified as continental desert, characterized by hot summers and mild winters. Summer temperatures often exceed 40°C (104°F), while winter temperatures can drop to around 0°C (32°F) in the northern regions. Spring and autumn offer more temperate and pleasant conditions for travel.
Regions of Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan is divided into five regions (welayats), each offering unique attractions and landscapes:
Ahal Region: Home to the capital, Ashgabat, and the famous Karakum Desert.
Balkan Region: Known for the Caspian Sea coast, the city of Turkmenbashi, and the scenic Yangykala Canyon.
Dashoguz Region: Features historical sites like Kunya-Urgench and vibrant local markets.
Lebap Region: Offers natural beauty along the Amu Darya River and historical ruins.
Mary Region: Hosts the ancient city of Merv, a UNESCO World Heritage site.
History and Culture
Turkmenistan boasts a rich history dating back thousands of years. It was a key part of the Silk Road, facilitating trade and cultural exchange between Asia and Europe. The ancient city of Merv, once one of the largest cities in the world, stands as a testament to this historical significance. Over the centuries, Turkmenistan has been influenced by various empires, including the Persian Empire, the Seljuks, and the Mongols.
Turkmen culture is deeply rooted in traditions and customs passed down through generations. The Turkmen people are known for their hospitality, and guests are often treated with great respect and generosity. Traditional music, dance, and crafts play a significant role in daily life, with the Turkmen carpet being a renowned symbol of the country’s artistic heritage.
Modern Turkmenistan
Since gaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Turkmenistan has embarked on a path of modernization while preserving its cultural identity. Ashgabat, the capital city, has undergone a dramatic transformation with its gleaming white marble buildings, grandiose monuments, and expansive parks. The city’s skyline is dominated by the Monument of Neutrality, a rotating golden statue of the country’s first president, Saparmurat Niyazov.
Economy and Development
Turkmenistan’s economy is heavily reliant on its vast natural gas reserves, which rank among the largest in the world. The country is also rich in oil and mineral resources. Efforts are being made to diversify the economy by developing agriculture, textile production, and tourism sectors. However, economic development is closely controlled by the government, which plays a significant role in all aspects of the country’s growth.
Tourism Potential
Turkmenistan’s unique blend of ancient history, striking natural beauty, and modern architectural marvels make it an attractive destination for adventurous travellers. Key attractions include:
Ashgabat: The capital city, known for its opulent marble buildings, museums, and cultural landmarks.
Darvaza Gas Crater: Also known as the “Door to Hell,” a fiery natural gas crater in the Karakum Desert.
Merv: An ancient city that offers a glimpse into the historical significance of the Silk Road.
Kunya-Urgench: A UNESCO World Heritage site featuring impressive Islamic architecture.
Yangykala Canyon: Stunning canyon with vibrant rock formations and breath-taking views.
Challenges and Considerations
Traveling in Turkmenistan requires careful planning due to the country’s strict visa policies and limited tourist infrastructure. Most visitors need a visa and a letter of invitation, typically arranged through a registered tour operator. Independent travel is restricted, and visitors are often required to be accompanied by a local guide.
Despite these challenges, those who venture to Turkmenistan are rewarded with an unforgettable experience, discovering a land of contrasts where ancient traditions meet modern aspirations. The country’s relative isolation has preserved its unique character, making it a fascinating destination for those seeking off-the-beaten-path adventures.
Travel Itinerary
Exploring Turkmenistan requires thoughtful planning due to its unique landscape, historical sites, and strict travel regulations. Here’s a detailed 14-day itinerary that covers the key attractions and experiences this fascinating country has to offer.
Day 1-2: Arrival in Ashgabat
Day 1: Arrival and Introduction
Arrival: Fly into Ashgabat International Airport.
Hotel Check-in: Settle into your chosen accommodation.
Evening Stroll: Take a leisurely evening walk to get a feel for the city. Visit the Neutrality Monument, a rotating golden statue that symbolizes Turkmenistan’s neutral status.
Dinner: Enjoy a traditional Turkmen dinner at a local restaurant such as Altyn Asyr or Gul Zaman.
Day 2: Exploring Ashgabat
Morning: Start with a visit to the Turkmen Carpet Museum, showcasing exquisite hand-woven carpets, an integral part of Turkmen culture.
Afternoon: Head to Independence Park and visit the Independence Monument. Then, explore the National Museum of History and Ethnography to learn about Turkmenistan’s rich history.
Evening: Visit the Ashgabat Cable Car for panoramic views of the city and surrounding landscapes.
Day 3-4: Ashgabat to Darvaza Gas Crater
Day 3: Journey to Darvaza
Morning: Depart Ashgabat and drive north through the Karakum Desert.
Stopover: Visit the ancient ruins of Anau Mosque, located just outside Ashgabat.
Arrival at Darvaza: Arrive at the Darvaza Gas Crater by late afternoon.
Camping: Set up camp near the crater. Enjoy a traditional Turkmen barbecue dinner.
Evening: Witness the spectacular flames of the “Door to Hell” as the sun sets.
Day 4: Desert Exploration
Morning: Explore the surrounding desert area, including other smaller craters.
Afternoon: Return to Ashgabat with a stop at the village of Erbent to experience rural Turkmen life.
Evening: Relax at your hotel and enjoy a quiet evening in Ashgabat.
Day 5-6: Merv
Day 5: Travel to Mary
Morning: Fly from Ashgabat to Mary.
Afternoon: Visit the Mary History Museum to get an overview of the region’s historical significance.
Evening: Check into your hotel in Mary and enjoy a local meal at Gyzylgum Restaurant.
Day 6: Exploring Merv
Morning: Drive to the ancient city of Merv, a UNESCO World Heritage site. Explore the ruins, including the Sultan Sanjar Mausoleum, the Great Kyz Kala, and the Little Kyz Kala.
Afternoon: Continue exploring other significant structures such as the Gyz Gala and the Erk Kala.
Evening: Return to Mary for dinner and relaxation.
Day 7-8: Dashoguz and Kunya-Urgench
Day 7: Journey to Dashoguz
Morning: Fly from Mary to Dashoguz.
Afternoon: Explore the local markets and enjoy a traditional lunch.
Evening: Check into your hotel and prepare for the next day’s exploration.
Day 8: Discovering Kunya-Urgench
Morning: Drive to Kunya-Urgench, another UNESCO World Heritage site.
Sites to Visit: Visit the Kutlug Timur Minaret, Turabek Khanum Mausoleum, and the Il Arslan Mausoleum.
Afternoon: Continue exploring the monuments and learn about the historical significance of the area.
Evening: Return to Dashoguz for dinner and overnight stay.
Day 9-10: Yangykala Canyon
Day 9: Travel to Balkanabat
Morning: Fly from Dashoguz to Balkanabat.
Afternoon: Drive towards Yangykala Canyon, known for its stunning rock formations.
Evening: Set up camp near the canyon or stay in a nearby guesthouse. Enjoy a campfire dinner under the stars.
Day 10: Exploring Yangykala Canyon
Morning: Hike through the canyon, taking in the breathtaking scenery and vibrant colours of the rock formations.
Afternoon: Continue exploring different parts of the canyon and take plenty of photographs.
Evening: Return to Balkanabat for dinner and overnight stay.
Day 11-12: Turkmenbashi and the Caspian Sea
Day 11: Journey to Turkmenbashi
Morning: Drive from Balkanabat to Turkmenbashi.
Afternoon: Visit the local attractions, including the Turkmenbashi Ruhy Mosque.
Evening: Check into your hotel and enjoy a seafood dinner at Deniz Restaurant.
Day 12: Relaxing at the Caspian Sea
Morning: Spend the day at the Avaza resort area, enjoying the beaches and water sports available.
Afternoon: Continue exploring the resort or take a boat trip on the Caspian Sea.
Evening: Return to your hotel and relax.
Day 13-14: Return to Ashgabat
Day 13: Travel Back to Ashgabat
Morning: Fly from Turkmenbashi back to Ashgabat.
Afternoon: Spend the afternoon shopping for souvenirs at the Tolkuchka Bazaar.
Evening: Enjoy a farewell dinner at a top-rated restaurant like Yyldyz.
Day 14: Departure
Morning: Free time to explore any remaining sights in Ashgabat.
Hotel Check-out: Check out of your hotel and prepare for your departure.
Transfer to Airport: Head to Ashgabat International Airport for your flight home.
This itinerary provides a comprehensive exploration of Turkmenistan, balancing cultural experiences, historical sites, and natural wonders. Adjustments can be made based on personal interests and travel preferences.
Accommodations
Turkmenistan offers a range of accommodation options to suit different budgets and preferences, from luxurious hotels in Ashgabat to more modest guesthouses and yurts in rural areas. Here’s a detailed overview of accommodations in key destinations across the country.
Ashgabat
Luxury Hotels
Oguzkent Hotel
Description: A five-star hotel offering opulent rooms with modern amenities, including a spa, fitness centre, and multiple dining options.
Location: Central Ashgabat, near major attractions like the Independence Monument and Neutrality Monument.
Features: Indoor and outdoor pools, conference facilities, and exceptional service.
Yyldyz Hotel
Description: Another five-star luxury hotel, known for its striking design and panoramic views of Ashgabat.
Location: Situated on a hill overlooking the city, providing a tranquil atmosphere.
Features: Spa, gourmet restaurants, rooftop bar, and spacious rooms.
Mid-range Hotels
Grand Turkmen Hotel
Description: A comfortable and well-appointed hotel offering good value for money with essential amenities.
Location: Central Ashgabat, close to shops, restaurants, and cultural attractions.
Features: Swimming pool, fitness centre, on-site restaurant, and bar.
Nusay Hotel
Description: A modern hotel providing a range of amenities for business and leisure travellers.
Location: Conveniently located near key tourist sites.
Features: Outdoor pool, conference rooms, and an international restaurant.
Budget Hotels
Ak Altyn Hotel
Description: A budget-friendly hotel offering basic but clean and comfortable rooms.
Location: Central Ashgabat, within easy reach of public transportation.
Features: On-site restaurant, bar, and complimentary breakfast.
Hotel 2000
Description: A no-frills hotel suitable for budget-conscious travellers.
Location: In a quieter part of Ashgabat, but still accessible to main attractions.
Features: Free Wi-Fi, basic amenities, and friendly staff.
Mary
Mary Hotel
Description: The primary accommodation option in Mary, offering decent facilities and a comfortable stay.
Location: Central Mary, making it a convenient base for exploring the ancient city of Merv.
Features: Restaurant, bar, and helpful tour services.
Dashoguz
Dashoguz Hotel
Description: The main hotel in Dashoguz, providing essential comforts and services.
Location: Centrally located, making it easy to access local markets and the nearby historical sites.
Features: On-site dining, bar, and tour assistance.
Turkmenbashi
Turkmenbashi Hotel
Description: A comfortable hotel offering a range of amenities for travellers to the Caspian coast.
Location: Central Turkmenbashi, close to the port and local attractions.
Features: Restaurant, bar, and free Wi-Fi.
Avaza Hotel
Description: A part of the Avaza resort complex, offering a more resort-like experience with numerous recreational facilities.
Location: Avaza Tourist Zone, near the beach.
Features: Multiple dining options, swimming pools, spa services, and entertainment activities.
Camping and Yurt Stays
Darvaza Gas Crater
Camping Experience:
Description: For a unique and adventurous experience, camp near the Darvaza Gas Crater. This option allows you to witness the crater’s mesmerizing flames up close.
Features: Organized tours typically provide camping equipment, meals, and basic facilities.
Tips: Bring warm clothing for the night, as desert temperatures can drop significantly.
Yangykala Canyon
Yurt Stays:
Description: Experience traditional Turkmen nomadic life by staying in a yurt near Yangykala Canyon.
Features: Comfortable bedding, communal meals, and an authentic cultural experience.
Tips: Ensure your stay is booked through a reputable tour operator for the best experience.
Guesthouses and Homestays
In smaller towns and rural areas, guesthouses and homestays provide a more personal and authentic experience. These accommodations often include home-cooked meals and opportunities to interact with local families.
Guesthouses in Kunya-Urgench
Description: Simple but comfortable accommodations run by local families.
Features: Basic amenities, home-cooked meals, and warm hospitality.
Tips: Booking through local guides or tour operators is recommended.
Rural Homestays in the Karakum Desert
Description: Stay with local families in traditional Turkmen homes, offering insight into rural life.
Features: Basic facilities, local cuisine, and cultural exchange.
Tips: Homestays provide a unique opportunity to learn about Turkmen traditions and daily life.
Whether you prefer the luxury of five-star hotels, the comfort of mid-range accommodations, the budget-friendly options, or the authenticity of camping and homestays, Turkmenistan offers a variety of lodging options to suit different tastes and budgets. Planning and booking in advance, especially in more remote areas, ensures a smooth and enjoyable stay as you explore the wonders of this fascinating country.
Transportation
Navigating Turkmenistan requires understanding the available transportation options, ranging from domestic flights and trains to buses and taxis. Here’s an in-depth look at how to get to Turkmenistan and travel within the country.
Getting There
By Air
Ashgabat International Airport (ASB)
Main Gateway: The primary international gateway to Turkmenistan.
Airlines: Served by several international airlines, including Turkmenistan Airlines, Turkish Airlines, and Flydubai.
Connections: Direct flights are available from major cities like Istanbul, Dubai, Frankfurt, and Moscow.
By Land
From Uzbekistan
Border Crossings: The Shavat-Dashoguz and Farab border points are commonly used.
Transport Options: Buses and taxis are available from major cities in Uzbekistan to the border.
From Iran
Border Crossings: The Bajgiran-Gaudan and Lotfabad-Artyk border points are popular entry points.
Transport Options: Buses and shared taxis can be taken from Mashhad and other Iranian cities to the border.
From Kazakhstan
Border Crossings: The Temir-Beyneu and Bolashak-Serhetyaka points are operational.
Transport Options: Limited; travellers often use trains or buses to reach these border points.
Getting Around
Domestic Flights
Turkmenistan Airlines
Routes: Operates frequent flights between Ashgabat and major cities like Mary, Turkmenbashi, and Dashoguz.
Convenience: Flying is the quickest way to cover long distances within the country, given the vast and often challenging terrain.
Booking: Tickets can be booked online or through travel agencies.
Trains
Turkmenistan Railways
Routes: Connects major cities such as Ashgabat, Mary, Turkmenbashi, and Dashoguz.
Services: Offers different classes of service, including first class (with sleeping compartments) and second class (with seats).
Scenic Routes: The journey from Ashgabat to Turkmenbashi along the Caspian Sea is particularly scenic.
Booking: Tickets can be purchased at train stations or through local travel agencies.
Buses
Intercity Buses
Routes: Regular services connect Ashgabat with other major cities and towns.
Comfort: Buses range from basic to moderately comfortable, with air-conditioning available on some routes.
Booking: Tickets can be bought at bus stations or on the bus.
City Buses
Ashgabat: The city has a well-developed bus network with routes covering all major areas.
Fares: Inexpensive and can be paid in cash.
Taxis
City Taxis
Availability: Readily available in Ashgabat and other major cities.
Fares: Negotiable; it’s advisable to agree on a fare before starting the journey.
Tips: Look for official taxis, which are usually marked and more reliable.
Intercity Taxis
Routes: Shared taxis operate between major cities and towns.
Comfort: Generally more comfortable and quicker than buses, but slightly more expensive.
Booking: Can be arranged through hotels or at taxi stands.
Car Rentals
Rental Agencies
Availability: Limited but available in Ashgabat.
Requirements: An international driving permit (IDP) is usually required.
Tips: Driving in Turkmenistan can be challenging due to road conditions and local driving habits. Consider hiring a car with a driver for convenience.
Bicycles
Biking
Feasibility: Possible in urban areas and for short trips, but challenging due to the desert climate and road conditions.
Rental: Limited availability in Ashgabat and tourist areas.
Special Transportation Options
Desert Travel
Camel Riding
Experience: A unique way to explore the desert, especially around the Darvaza Gas Crater and Karakum Desert.
Booking: Typically arranged through tour operators.
Off-Road Vehicles
Necessity: Essential for exploring remote areas like Yangykala Canyon and desert regions.
Rental: Often included in guided tours.
Practical Tips
Navigating Ashgabat
Public Transport: Utilize city buses and taxis for convenient travel.
Walking: Many attractions in Ashgabat are within walking distance of each other.
Traffic: Be aware of traffic regulations and potential delays during rush hours.
Traveling Between Cities
Plan Ahead: Domestic flights and trains can fill up quickly, especially during peak travel seasons.
Pack Essentials: For long bus or train journeys, carry snacks, water, and entertainment.
Local Guides: Consider hiring a local guide for more remote destinations to navigate cultural and language barriers.
Cost and Budgeting
Domestic Flights: Generally affordable, especially when booked in advance.
Trains and Buses: Inexpensive options for intercity travel.
Taxis: Affordable for short distances; shared taxis are cost-effective for longer journeys.
Car Rentals: More expensive; consider if traveling in groups or to remote areas.
Traveling in Turkmenistan offers a unique adventure with a mix of modern conveniences and traditional experiences. Understanding the transportation options available will help you navigate the country more effectively and make the most of your visit. Whether flying between cities, exploring by train, or embarking on a desert adventure, careful planning and flexibility are key to a successful trip.
Dining and Cuisine
Turkmenistan’s cuisine is a delightful blend of Central Asian flavours, influenced by the nomadic lifestyle and agricultural practices of its people. Traditional Turkmen dishes are hearty, using fresh ingredients like meat, vegetables, and grains. Here’s an in-depth look at what to expect when dining in Turkmenistan, from traditional dishes and dining customs to recommended restaurants and culinary experiences.
Traditional Dishes
Plov (Pilaf)
Description: The national dish of Turkmenistan, plov is a savoury rice dish cooked with lamb or beef, carrots, onions, and spices. It’s often garnished with raisins or nuts.
Variations: Each region may have its own twist, adding different spices or ingredients.
Manty
Description: Steamed dumplings filled with minced meat (usually lamb or beef), onions, and spices. Manty is typically served with a dollop of sour cream or yogurt.
Serving: Often enjoyed as a main course or appetizer.
Shashlik (Kebabs)
Description: Skewered and grilled meat, usually lamb or beef, marinated with spices and sometimes interspersed with vegetables.
Accompaniment: Served with flatbread, raw onions, and a vinegar-based dipping sauce.
Chorek
Description: Traditional Turkmen bread baked in a tandoor oven, resulting in a crispy exterior and soft interior.
Types: Various forms exist, including flatbread and round loaves.
Kovurma
Description: A dish of fried or stewed meat (often lamb), cooked with onions and sometimes tomatoes, served with bread or rice.
Flavor: Rich and hearty, with a blend of spices.
Dograma
Description: A traditional dish made from shredded flatbread mixed with broth, meat (lamb or beef), and onions.
Occasions: Often prepared for special occasions and large gatherings.
Ichlekli
Description: Meat pies filled with minced lamb or beef, onions, and sometimes potatoes, wrapped in dough and baked.
Serving: Typically served hot, as a main course or snack.
Dining Customs
Hospitality
Welcome Ritual: Guests are often welcomed with tea and sweets. It’s customary to accept these offerings as a sign of respect.
Sharing: Meals are typically communal, with dishes placed in the center for everyone to share.
Meal Structure
Breakfast: Usually light, consisting of bread, cheese, yogurt, and tea.
Lunch and Dinner: Main meals of the day, often featuring multiple courses including soup, meat dishes, and salads.
Etiquette
Seating: Guests are usually seated according to age and status. Elders are served first.
Utensils: While utensils are available, eating with hands is common, especially when enjoying bread and shared dishes.
Respect: It’s polite to eat everything on your plate and thank the host for the meal.
Recommended Restaurants
Ashgabat
Altyn Asyr
Description: Offers a variety of traditional Turkmen dishes in a comfortable setting.
Specialties: Plov, shashlik, and various appetizers.
Location: Central Ashgabat, easily accessible for tourists.
Gul Zaman
Description: A popular spot for both locals and tourists, known for its extensive menu and authentic flavors.
Specialties: Manty, kovurma, and a range of vegetarian dishes.
Ambiance: Traditional décor with a cozy atmosphere.
Akhal-Teke
Description: Named after the famous Turkmen horse breed, this restaurant serves a mix of Turkmen and international cuisine.
Specialties: Ichlekli, various grilled meats, and fresh salads.
Ambiance: Elegant and upscale, suitable for formal dining.
Mary
Gyzylgum Restaurant
Description: Known for its traditional Turkmen fare and welcoming atmosphere.
Specialties: Plov, dograma, and local desserts.
Location: Central Mary, convenient for tourists visiting Merv.
Turkmenbashi
Deniz Restaurant
Description: Offers a beautiful view of the Caspian Sea with a focus on fresh seafood and local cuisine.
Specialties: Grilled fish, seafood plov, and traditional soups.
Ambiance: Relaxed seaside dining with both indoor and outdoor seating.
Kunya-Urgench
Local Guesthouses
Description: Many guesthouses in Kunya-Urgench offer home-cooked meals, providing an authentic taste of regional cuisine.
Specialties: Regional variations of plov, stews, and fresh bread.
Experience: Dining with local families for a cultural exchange.
Culinary Experiences
Cooking Classes
Description: Participate in cooking classes to learn how to prepare traditional Turkmen dishes.
Locations: Available in major cities like Ashgabat and Mary.
Experience: Hands-on cooking with local chefs, followed by a meal featuring your creations.
Food Markets
Ashgabat Tolkuchka Bazaar
Description: Explore one of the largest markets in Central Asia, offering a variety of local foods, spices, and ingredients.
Experience: Sample fresh produce, traditional sweets, and interact with local vendors.
Special Events
Weddings and Celebrations
Description: If invited, attending a Turkmen wedding or celebration can be a rich cultural and culinary experience.
Food: Feast on a variety of traditional dishes, from plov to intricate pastries.
Tips for Dining in Turkmenistan
Dietary Restrictions
Vegetarian Options: While meat is a staple, vegetarian dishes are available, often featuring beans, grains, and fresh vegetables.
Allergies: Communicate any food allergies clearly, as traditional dishes may contain common allergens like nuts and dairy.
Health and Safety
Water: Drink bottled or boiled water to avoid stomach issues.
Street Food: Choose vendors that look clean and popular with locals for the best and safest options.
Budget
Cost: Dining in Turkmenistan is generally affordable, with meals ranging from a few dollars at local eateries to higher prices at upscale restaurants.
Tipping: Not customary but appreciated in more tourist-oriented establishments.
Turkmenistan’s cuisine offers a rich and flavourful journey through Central Asian culinary traditions. From hearty meat dishes and Savoury dumplings to the communal dining culture, every meal in Turkmenistan is an opportunity to connect with its history and people. Whether dining in a luxury restaurant or enjoying a home-cooked meal in a rural guesthouse, the culinary experiences in Turkmenistan are sure to leave a lasting impression.
Activities and Entertainment
Turkmenistan offers a diverse array of activities and entertainment options that cater to various interests, from exploring historical sites and enjoying outdoor adventures to experiencing the local culture and modern attractions. Here’s an in-depth look at what you can do to make the most of your visit.
Cultural and Historical Sites
Ashgabat
National Museum of History
Description: Home to an extensive collection of artefacts that showcase Turkmenistan’s rich history and heritage.
Highlights: Exhibits on ancient civilizations, Silk Road artefacts, and traditional Turkmen crafts.
Tips: Allocate at least a couple of hours to explore the museum thoroughly.
Independence Park
Description: A sprawling park featuring monuments and statues celebrating Turkmenistan’s independence.
Highlights: The Independence Monument, fountains, and beautifully landscaped gardens.
Tips: Visit in the evening to enjoy the illuminated fountains and cooler temperatures.
Monument of Neutrality
Description: A towering structure with a golden statue of the first president, Saparmurat Niyazov, that rotates to face the sun.
Highlights: Panoramic views of the city from the top of the monument.
Tips: Take the elevator to the observation deck for the best views.
Turkmen Carpet Museum
Description: Dedicated to the traditional art of Turkmen carpet weaving.
Highlights: A vast collection of hand-woven carpets, some of which hold world records for size.
Tips: Learn about the intricate process of carpet weaving through guided tours.
Merv
Ancient City of Merv
Description: A UNESCO World Heritage site and one of the oldest and most significant cities on the Silk Road.
Highlights: Sultan Sanjar Mausoleum, Greater and Lesser Kyz Kalas, and the Erk Kala fortifications.
Tips: Hire a local guide to fully appreciate the historical context and significance of the ruins.
Kunya-Urgench
Kunya-Urgench Historical Site
Description: Another UNESCO World Heritage site featuring impressive Islamic architecture.
Highlights: Kutlug Timur Minaret, Turabek Khanum Mausoleum, and the Il Arslan Mausoleum.
Tips: Visit early in the morning or late afternoon to avoid the midday heat and crowds.
Outdoor Activities
Darvaza Gas Crater
Camping at Darvaza Gas Crater
Description: Known as the “Door to Hell,” this fiery crater in the Karakum Desert offers a unique camping experience.
Activities: Camping, stargazing, and photography.
Tips: Bring warm clothing for the night and sufficient water and supplies.
Yangykala Canyon
Hiking in Yangykala Canyon
Description: A stunning canyon with vibrant rock formations and dramatic landscapes.
Activities: Hiking, photography, and exploring the natural beauty.
Tips: Carry plenty of water, wear sturdy hiking shoes, and visit during the cooler months for a more comfortable experience.
Caspian Sea
Beach Activities in Turkmenbashi
Description: Relax on the shores of the Caspian Sea, enjoy water sports, and explore the Avaza resort area.
Activities: Swimming, boating, and jet skiing.
Tips: Visit the Avaza resort for a range of recreational activities and amenities.
Festivals and Events
Independence Day
Description: Celebrated on October 27-28 with parades, concerts, and cultural events.
Highlights: Military parades, fireworks, and traditional music and dance performances.
Tips: Arrive early to secure a good viewing spot for the parades.
National Horse Day
Description: Celebrates the Akhal-Teke horse breed with races, shows, and equestrian events.
Highlights: Horse races, exhibitions, and traditional horseback performances.
Tips: Check local schedules for event timings and locations.
Modern Entertainment
Ashgabat
Ashgabat Cable Car
Description: Offers panoramic views of the city and surrounding mountains.
Experience: A scenic ride that provides a unique perspective of Ashgabat.
Tips: Best enjoyed during sunset for spectacular views.
Altyn Asyr Bazaar (Tolkuchka Bazaar)
Description: One of the largest markets in Central Asia, offering a wide range of goods.
Experience: Shopping for local crafts, textiles, spices, and fresh produce.
Tips: Bargaining is common; don’t hesitate to negotiate prices.
Ashgabat Circus
Description: A popular venue for family entertainment, featuring a variety of performances.
Experience: Enjoy acrobatics, animal shows, and other circus acts.
Tips: Check the schedule for show times and buy tickets in advance.
Opera and Ballet Theatre
Description: Offers a range of cultural performances, including opera, ballet, and classical music concerts.
Experience: Enjoy high-quality performances in a beautiful setting.
Tips: Dress formally and arrive early to enjoy the full experience.
Experiential Tourism
Cultural Immersion
Yurt Stays in the Karakum Desert
Description: Stay in traditional yurts and experience the nomadic lifestyle.
Activities: Camel riding, traditional meals, and cultural exchanges with local nomads.
Tips: Book through reputable tour operators to ensure a comfortable and authentic experience.
Local Workshops
Description: Participate in workshops to learn traditional crafts like carpet weaving, pottery, or bread baking.
Experience: Hands-on learning and interaction with local artisans.
Tips: Look for workshops offered in cultural centres or through local tours.
Practical Information
Health and Safety
Sun Protection: The desert climate means strong sun exposure; carry sunscreen, hats, and sunglasses.
Hydration: Always have plenty of water, especially when engaging in outdoor activities.
Travel Insurance: Ensure you have travel insurance that covers medical emergencies and adventure activities.
Best Times to Visit
Spring (April to June): Mild weather, perfect for exploring historical sites and outdoor activities.
Autumn (September to November): Cooler temperatures and fewer tourists, ideal for a more relaxed experience.
Turkmenistan offers a rich tapestry of activities and entertainment options that cater to a wide range of interests. Whether you’re drawn to its ancient historical sites, stunning natural landscapes, or vibrant cultural events, there is something for every traveller. Plan your itinerary to include a mix of these experiences to fully appreciate the unique charm and diversity of this fascinating country.
Local Culture and Customs
Turkmenistan is a country with a rich cultural heritage, deeply rooted in its nomadic past and influenced by various civilizations over the centuries. Understanding and respecting the local culture and customs will enhance your experience and help you connect with the Turkmen people. Here’s an in-depth look at the cultural and social fabric of Turkmenistan.
Language
Official Language
Turkmen: The official language, spoken by the majority of the population. It belongs to the Turkic language family.
Features: Turkmen uses the Latin alphabet, but you may also encounter Cyrillic in some older texts.
Other Languages
Russian: Widely spoken, especially in business and government contexts.
English: Increasingly spoken in tourist areas and by younger generations, but still limited.
Religion
Predominantly Muslim
Sunni Islam: The majority of Turkmen practice Sunni Islam, which plays a significant role in daily life and traditions.
Practices: Regular prayer, fasting during Ramadan, and the celebration of Islamic holidays are common.
Religious Tolerance
Minority Religions: Other religions, including Christianity, are practiced by small communities.
Respect: Visitors are expected to respect local religious practices and dress modestly, especially near mosques and during religious events.
Social Etiquette
Greetings
Handshakes: Common among men; often accompanied by placing the right hand over the heart as a sign of respect.
Women: A slight bow or nod is more appropriate, and a handshake may be offered by women in more formal settings.
Hospitality: Guests are greeted warmly and often offered tea and sweets.
Dress Code
Modest Clothing: Both men and women are expected to dress modestly. For women, covering shoulders and knees is advisable, especially in rural areas and religious sites.
Traditional Attire: Many Turkmen wear traditional clothing, which is colorful and richly decorated, especially during festivals and celebrations.
Behaviour
Respect for Elders: Elders are highly respected, and it’s customary to show deference and offer assistance.
Public Displays of Affection: Limited, as conservative values prevail. Hand-holding and brief hugs are acceptable, but more intimate displays should be avoided.
Photography: Always ask permission before taking photos of people, particularly in rural areas and at religious sites.
Family and Community
Family Structure
Extended Families: Family units often include extended relatives, and close family ties are maintained.
Role of Women: Women play a significant role in household management and child-rearing, though modern roles are evolving, especially in urban areas.
Community Life
Collectivism: Turkmen society values community and collective activities. Major life events, such as weddings and funerals, involve the extended community.
Hospitality: Hosting guests is an important part of Turkmen culture. Visitors may be invited to share meals and stay in family homes.
Festivals and Celebrations
National Holidays
Independence Day (October 27-28): Celebrated with parades, concerts, and cultural events across the country.
Neutrality Day (December 12): Marks Turkmenistan’s policy of permanent neutrality with official ceremonies and public festivities.
Religious Holidays
Ramadan and Eid al-Fitr: Observed with fasting, prayers, and feasting.
Kurban Bayram (Eid al-Adha): Celebrated with animal sacrifices, communal meals, and charity.
Cultural Festivals
National Horse Day: Celebrated on the last Sunday in April, honouring the Akhal-Teke horse breed with races, shows, and exhibitions.
Carpet Day: Celebrated on the last Sunday in May, highlighting the significance of Turkmen carpets through exhibitions and ceremonies.
Traditional Music and Dance
Music
Dutar: A two-stringed lute, central to Turkmen folk music.
Bakshi: Traditional musicians and storytellers who perform epic tales and folk songs.
Genres: Music often accompanies celebrations, ceremonies, and everyday life, reflecting themes of love, nature, and heroism.
Dance
Folk Dances: Performed during festivals and special occasions, characterized by energetic movements and colorful costumes.
Women’s Dance: Often graceful and expressive, performed in groups or solo.
Arts and Crafts
Carpet Weaving
Significance: Turkmen carpets are renowned for their quality and intricate designs, reflecting tribal symbols and history.
Production: Hand-woven using traditional methods, with patterns passed down through generations.
Jewellery and Embroidery
Jewellery: Silver jewellery with semi-precious stones is a traditional craft, often worn during special occasions.
Embroidery: Richly decorated textiles, including traditional clothing and home furnishings, showcase skilled needlework.
Practical Tips for Visitors
Respect Local Customs
Adapt to Local Norms: Observe how locals dress and behave, especially in rural areas and religious sites.
Learn Basic Phrases: Even a few words of Turkmen or Russian can go a long way in building rapport.
Engage with Locals
Cultural Exchange: Participate in local events and festivals to gain deeper insights into Turkmen culture.
Hospitality: Accept invitations to local homes if offered; it’s a valuable opportunity to experience genuine Turkmen hospitality.
Navigating Social Situations
Gifts: Bringing a small gift when visiting a local home is appreciated, such as sweets, tea, or souvenirs from your home country.
Patience: Social interactions can be slower-paced, so be patient and open to longer conversations.
Turkmenistan’s rich cultural heritage and deeply ingrained customs offer a unique and rewarding experience for visitors. By respecting local traditions and engaging with the community, you’ll gain a deeper understanding and appreciation of this fascinating country. Whether exploring historical sites, participating in cultural festivals, or simply sharing a meal with a local family, every interaction adds to the tapestry of your journey through Turkmenistan.
Practical Information
Traveling to Turkmenistan requires careful planning and awareness of practical details to ensure a smooth and enjoyable trip. Here’s an expanded look at the essential information you need to know, from visas and health considerations to money and communication.
Visas and Entry Requirements
Visa Requirements
Tourist Visa: Most travellers need a visa to enter Turkmenistan. Applications are typically made through Turkmen embassies or consulates.
Letter of Invitation (LOI): Required for visa applications, usually arranged through a registered tour operator. This document confirms your itinerary and accommodations.
Application Process: Submit your passport, completed application form, LOI, passport-sized photos, and visa fee to the nearest Turkmen embassy or consulate.
Visa on Arrival: Available for those with an LOI, but it’s recommended to obtain a visa in advance to avoid complications.
Passport Validity
Requirement: Your passport must be valid for at least six months beyond your intended stay in Turkmenistan.
Health and Safety
Vaccinations
Recommended Vaccinations: Hepatitis A and B, Typhoid, and Tetanus. Check with your healthcare provider for the latest recommendations.
Routine Vaccinations: Ensure routine vaccinations (MMR, DPT, etc.) are up to date.
Health Precautions
Water: Drink only bottled or boiled water to avoid stomach issues.
Food: Eat at reputable restaurants and avoid street food unless it appears clean and freshly prepared.
Medical Facilities: Medical services in Turkmenistan can be basic. Ensure you have travel insurance that covers medical evacuation.
Safety Tips
Personal Safety: Turkmenistan is generally safe for travellers, but standard precautions apply. Keep an eye on personal belongings and avoid walking alone at night in unfamiliar areas.
Local Laws: Familiarize yourself with local laws and customs. Avoid discussing politics and be respectful in religious sites.
Money and Currency
Currency
Turkmenistan Manat (TMT): The official currency. Major hotels and some businesses may accept US dollars.
Exchange Rates: Check the current exchange rate before traveling. Currency can be exchanged at banks, hotels, and official exchange offices.
ATMs and Banking
Availability: Limited, especially outside Ashgabat. ATMs primarily accept Visa cards.
Cash: Carry sufficient cash for expenses, particularly in rural areas. Small denominations are useful for everyday transactions.
Credit Cards
Acceptance: Limited to major hotels, some restaurants, and tourist shops in larger cities.
Backup: Have a backup plan, such as carrying extra cash or using traveller’s checks, as credit card facilities can be unreliable.
Communication
Internet Access
Availability: Available in most hotels and some cafes in major cities. Internet access can be slow and expensive.
Restrictions: Internet usage is monitored, and some websites may be blocked. Use a VPN if necessary.
Mobile Phones
Local SIM Cards: Available for purchase at the airport, major cities, and mobile phone shops. Be prepared to show your passport.
Coverage: Good in urban areas but limited in remote regions.
International Roaming: Check with your provider about international roaming options and charges.
Local Time
Time Zone
Turkmenistan Time (TMT): UTC +5 hours. No daylight saving time changes.
Electrical Outlets
Voltage and Plugs
Voltage: 220V, 50Hz.
Plug Type: Type C and F. Carry a universal adapter if your devices use a different plug type.
Transportation
Getting Around
Domestic Flights: Frequent and relatively affordable, connecting major cities like Ashgabat, Mary, Turkmenbashi, and Dashoguz.
Trains: Reliable and comfortable for long-distance travel. Consider first-class compartments for overnight journeys.
Buses and Taxis: Widely available in cities. Taxis are affordable but ensure the fare is agreed upon before the journey.
Car Rentals: Available in Ashgabat, though driving conditions can be challenging. Hiring a car with a driver is recommended.
Shopping
Local Markets
Tolkuchka Bazaar (Altyn Asyr Bazaar): One of the largest markets in Central Asia, offering a variety of goods from carpets and textiles to fresh produce and spices.
Carpet Shopping: Turkmen carpets are renowned for their quality. Purchase from reputable dealers and obtain an export certificate.
Souvenirs
Popular Items: Turkmen carpets, jewellery, traditional clothing, ceramics, and hand-crafted souvenirs.
Bargaining: Common in markets, so don’t hesitate to negotiate prices.
Emergency Information
Important Contacts
Embassies and Consulates: Keep contact details of your country’s embassy or consulate in Turkmenistan.
Local Guides: Hire local guides through reputable tour companies for assistance and cultural insights.
Emergency Numbers
Police: 102
Ambulance: 103
Fire Service: 101
Tips for a Successful Trip
Cultural Sensitivity
Dress Modestly: Particularly in rural areas and religious sites.
Respect Traditions: Be mindful of local customs and traditions, especially during religious events.
Learn Basic Phrases: A few words of Turkmen or Russian can go a long way in building rapport with locals.
Preparing for the Climate
Desert Climate: Hot summers and mild winters. Pack lightweight, breathable clothing for summer and layers for cooler evenings.
Sun Protection: Carry sunscreen, hats, and sunglasses to protect against the strong sun.
Packing Essentials
First Aid Kit: Include basic medical supplies and any personal medications.
Reusable Water Bottle: Stay hydrated, especially when exploring desert areas.
Camera Gear: For capturing the unique landscapes and cultural sites.
Traveling to Turkmenistan offers a unique and enriching experience, with its blend of ancient history, vibrant culture, and stunning landscapes. By preparing adequately and respecting local customs, you’ll ensure a memorable and enjoyable journey through this fascinating country.
Conclusion
Traveling to Turkmenistan is a journey into a land rich in history, culture, and natural beauty. This comprehensive guide provides a detailed roadmap for exploring this unique and largely unexplored country, ensuring that you are well-prepared for a memorable adventure. Here’s a recap of the key points covered in this guide:
Summary of Key Points
Destination Overview
Turkmenistan, with its desert landscapes, ancient ruins, and modern architectural wonders, offers a fascinating blend of the old and the new. Its strategic location along the Silk Road has left a legacy of historical sites, while its modern capital, Ashgabat, showcases the country’s contemporary aspirations.
Travel Itinerary
A carefully planned 14-day itinerary can help you make the most of your visit. From exploring the marble-clad city of Ashgabat and the ancient ruins of Merv to camping near the fiery Darvaza Gas Crater and hiking in the colorful Yangykala Canyon, Turkmenistan offers diverse experiences that cater to various interests.
Accommodations
Turkmenistan provides a range of accommodation options, from luxurious hotels in Ashgabat to budget-friendly guesthouses and unique yurt stays in rural areas. Booking in advance and choosing the right type of lodging based on your itinerary and preferences can enhance your travel experience.
Transportation
Understanding the transportation options available, including domestic flights, trains, buses, and taxis, is crucial for smooth travel within Turkmenistan. Public transportation is generally affordable and reliable, while renting a car or hiring a guide can offer more flexibility for exploring remote areas.
Dining and Cuisine
Turkmen cuisine is a delightful mix of flavours and traditions. Enjoying local dishes such as plov, manty, shashlik, and Turkmen bread in various settings, from street food stalls to traditional restaurants, adds a rich culinary dimension to your journey.
Activities and Entertainment
Turkmenistan offers a wide range of activities, from visiting cultural and historical sites to engaging in outdoor adventures and attending local festivals. Participating in these activities allows you to immerse yourself in the local culture and history.
Local Culture and Customs
Respecting local customs and traditions is essential for a positive travel experience. Understanding social etiquette, dress codes, and religious practices will help you navigate interactions with locals and enhance your cultural appreciation.
Practical Information
Having practical information at your fingertips, such as visa requirements, health and safety tips, currency and banking details, and communication options, ensures you are well-prepared for any situation that may arise during your trip.
Packing Tips
Packing appropriately for Turkmenistan’s climate and activities is crucial. From clothing and health supplies to technology and travel accessories, being well-prepared helps you travel comfortably and efficiently.
Photography Tips
Turkmenistan offers stunning photographic opportunities, from its unique landscapes and architectural marvels to its vibrant cultural scenes. Knowing the best locations, times, and techniques can help you capture beautiful and lasting memories of your trip.
Budgeting and Money Saving Tips
Managing your budget effectively and taking advantage of money-saving opportunities allows you to make the most of your trip without overspending. From affordable accommodations and dining options to cost-effective transportation and activities, careful planning can help you stay within budget.
Local Contacts and Emergency Information
Having essential local contacts and emergency information readily available ensures you can handle any situation that arises with confidence. This includes embassy and consulate contacts, emergency services, and local guides and tour operators.
Final Thoughts
Turkmenistan is a destination that rewards the intrepid traveller with its rich tapestry of history, culture, and natural wonders. By carefully planning your itinerary, respecting local customs, and being well-prepared with practical information and resources, you can ensure a smooth and enriching travel experience.
Whether you are exploring the modern marvels of Ashgabat, delving into the ancient history of Merv and Kunya-Urgench, or marvelling at the natural beauty of the Karakum Desert and the Caspian Sea, Turkmenistan offers countless opportunities for adventure, discovery, and cultural immersion.
Encouragement to Travel
Embrace the opportunity to explore a country that remains largely off the beaten path, where every experience is unique and memorable. Turkmenistan’s welcoming people, fascinating heritage, and stunning landscapes await those who seek to discover its hidden treasures. With the information and tips provided in this guide, you are well-equipped to embark on an unforgettable journey through one of Central Asia’s most intriguing destinations. Safe travels!
Travel Planning Resources
Book your flight
Cheap flights on Kiwi. This is my favourite search engine to find deals on airlines.
Book accommodation
Kiwi is my favourite hotel search engine. Or rent apartments from locals on Airbnb.
Rent a car
Getrentacar is a great site for comparing car prices to find the best deal. They search both local and international rental companies.
https://getrentacar.tp.st/JEZX3N3S
Get your E sim
Airalo is a great Esim company giving you signal all over the world and straight from your phone.
Insurance
Don’t forget travel insurance! I am a big fan of visitors courage for short term trips. Protect yourself from possibly injury and theft abroad.
https://visitorscoverage.tp.st/dbqBAC9N
Activities
Tiquets is amazing for finding your activities on your travels